{"id":2240,"date":"2013-04-16T09:40:15","date_gmt":"2013-04-16T10:13:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/?p=2240"},"modified":"2017-11-14T21:28:42","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T19:28:42","slug":"methods-instruments-and-sources-for-financing-international-terrorism-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/methods-instruments-and-sources-for-financing-international-terrorism-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods, instruments and sources of money laundering used for financing international terrorism"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"money_laundering_scheme\"<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/i><\/b>: In order to study the way in which in the contemporary world profits are ‘washed’ as a result of illegal \u00a0activities \u00a0and \u00a0the \u00a0routes \u00a0that \u00a0money \u00a0go \u00a0through, \u00a0involves\u00a0 \u00a0complex \u00a0investigations\u00a0 and \u00a0a considerable amount of work. Countries that have regulated as a independent criminal offense, the offense of money laundering, have also included in its scope those actions taken to achieve hiding the illicit origin of values from committing this offense. The mixing of legal and illegal profits and the reporting of the total earnings from the business as the legal means for money laundering. Through this practice, all cycle stages of money laundering are combined .Financial funds are spaced from crime, hidden in legitimate business accounts and then brought back to the surface as legal earnings of a company. The reason is plausible: maximizing profits and available cash.<\/i><\/p>\n

Keywords<\/i><\/b>:\u00a0 organized\u00a0 crime, \u00a0illegal \u00a0financial \u00a0system, \u00a0tax \u00a0evasion, \u00a0money \u00a0laundering, transnational terrorist infiltration in the economy.<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. INTRODUCTION<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

In specialized literature “the method of money laundering,” means the individual techniques \u00a0and \u00a0recycling\u00a0 schemes. \u00a0A technique of money laundering, is a single procedure, while a schema involves a series of procedures whereby the profits of an illicit operations are translated into legal profits. Money\u00a0 laundering\u00a0 is\u00a0 more\u00a0 than\u00a0 just contraband or conceal illicit funds, although such actions may constitute essential components of the process. A logical way to distinguish money laundering from one of its component \u00a0parts\u00a0 is\u00a0 to\u00a0 emphasize\u00a0 the difference between hiding the existence of money resulting from crime and disguise their nature.Some\u00a0 of\u00a0 the\u00a0 most\u00a0 popular\u00a0 illegal operations, such as drug trafficking continue to be profitable, but a relatively new phenomenon is the transport or trafficking illegal immigrants. This activity, which combines the growing movement of people with criminal activity is often characterized by a deeper involvement of organized crime groups.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

2. MONEY LAUNDERING METHODS AND ROUTES OF ILLICIT FUNDS USED FOR FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In order to achieve an effective study and to understand the specific routes followed by illicit funds, it is necessary to highlight the way in which members of criminal organizations work when it comes to recycling illicit amounts of money, in order to give the appearance that those funds are obtained legally. In practice several ways of money laundering, are known, as follows:<\/p>\n

a<\/b>) Money laundering involving politically exposed persons (PEP). <\/b>According to members of the Committee of Experts for evaluating the implementation of the anti-laundering measures1\u00a0, corruption and bribery offered to public officials are two of the four sources of dirty money, the other two sources being drug trafficking and human trafficking (PC-R-EV, 1998:1). In terms of financial offenders, drug dealers or traffickers, the criminal activities undertaken by them are exposed to lower risks if certain public figures are persuaded to cooperate. Therefore, corruption of civil servants has become an important part of the criminal activity. \u00a0The \u00a0bribe \u00a0often \u00a0takes \u00a0the \u00a0form\u00a0 of cash, forcing the recipients of these “gifts” to strive in order to launder illegally obtained revenues (PC-R-EV, 1998:1).<\/p>\n

Depending on the degree of the socio- economic\u00a0 development\u00a0 of\u00a0 a\u00a0 country,\u00a0 four types of corruption have been identified (Johnston, 2007:23): corruption related to the exercise of a dominant area; group leaders corruption, corruption commonly used by criminal groups, corruption of high public officials. Is not neglected the fact that due to the\u00a0 \u00a0special\u00a0 \u00a0status\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0 politically\u00a0 \u00a0exposed persons,\u00a0 some\u00a0 financial\u00a0 institutions\u00a0 are tempted to give them a wide margin of discretion in carrying out financial activities, discretion that can sometimes be used for criminal\u00a0 purposes\u00a0 (FATF,\u00a0 2004:19). According to experts of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) the sources of illegal money subjected to recycling by politically exposed persons are not only bribery, the receival of undue benefits or rewards obtained illegally. Politically exposed persons from countries\u00a0 where\u00a0 corruption\u00a0 is\u00a0 endemic\u00a0 are likely to be directly involved in running criminal activities related to organized crime. On the other hand, in almost every country politically exposed persons can be identified carrying\u00a0 \u00a0out\u00a0 \u00a0suspicious\u00a0 \u00a0activities\u00a0 \u00a0(FATF, 2004:19). According to FATF experts, there are at least two ways of detecting the illegal activities of politically exposed persons. The first is the change of power in a country in which\u00a0 a\u00a0 PEP\u00a0 operates\u00a0 illegally\u00a0 while\u00a0 the regime that succeeds to power promotes a policy of settling of scores. The second way concerns the discovery of some indicators regarding the conducting of suspicious transactions in financial activities carried out by them (FATF, 2004:22). Depending on the criminal culture of various politically exposed persons, \u00a0FATF \u00a0experts \u00a0have \u00a0identified \u00a0four types of money laundering: money laundering obtained through corruption, by association with a politically exposed person; laundering money from embezzlement, money laundering obtained through diversion of public funds through the family members of a PEP, money laundering obtained through high-level corruption.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

b) Money laundering through real estate investments <\/b>– investing money in real estate is a technique frequently used for money laundering. As recently confirmed by the FATF,\u00a0\u00a0 these\u00a0\u00a0 investments\u00a0\u00a0 are\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0 classical method, tested in a while to launder illegal money. The typological review of cases reported by CTIF-CFI confirms that several techniques used for laundering money of illicit origin involves the real estate sector. The used techniques, vary from relatively simple to very complex, involving large sums of money. Details \u00a0regarding\u00a0 these \u00a0techniques \u00a0are described below. The use of non-financial professions – to evade anti money laundering measures, those who carry out this activity had to develop increasingly complex methods. Criminals who wanted to recycle criminal income have oriented towards the experience of the professionals. This trend has been observed internationally and is becoming increasingly common in money laundering operations. Lawyers, notaries, accountants and other professionals perform a series of tasks that criminals target them in order to use their knowledge and to put in place a money laundering mechanism with an illegal origin. The typological review of\u00a0 recorded cases has focused on the services most used by those who recycle the money. These are explained below in accordance with the extent to which non-financial professions are involved in money laundering ranging from minimal to very intensive.<\/p>\n

Submission to the financial institutions <\/i>– in order to avoid awakening suspicion about their criminal activities, those who recycle money use non-financial professions to be presented to\u00a0\u00a0 financial\u00a0\u00a0 institutions.\u00a0\u00a0 When\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0\u00a0 person engaged in non-financial profession presents the client of a financial institution, this client will present credibility due to the ethical standards associated with such occupations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Engaging in real estate transactions <\/i>– different non-financial professions were faced with\u00a0 money\u00a0 laundering activities \u00a0because\u00a0 of the key role they play in such transactions. When they are exercising their profession they are in a favorable position to record any irregularities that would create suspicions regarding money laundering.<\/p>\n

Execution of financial transactions <\/i>-, non- financial professions can perform various financial transactions for their customers (eg cash deposits, issue or withdrawal of checks). They can also carry out transactions through accounts opened in their name, but for those who recycle money. Using the account of a non-financial professional as transit account is meant to conceal the identity of the ultimate beneficiary and the link between the illicit origin and the destination of the funds.<\/p>\n

Establishment of corporate structures and legal financial constructions <\/i>– those who recycle money also turn to non-financial professions\u00a0 to\u00a0 establish\u00a0 corporate\u00a0 structures and legal financial constructions to make transactions as obscure as possible. Complex corporate structures and legal financial buildings are designed to conceal the true identity of the beneficiaries. Some files concerning the use of the established legal financial construction of self non-financial professions have shown that they can play an active role in money laundering.<\/p>\n

The use of corporate structures – <\/i>the use of fake companies is a money laundering technique that hides the origin of the funds and which increases the anonymity of transactions partners or beneficiaries. When using shell companies concerns should arise regarding financial institutions and non-financial professions. Beyond buildings using off-shore companies, financial experts and lawyers are sometimes used to make the scheme more complex and less transparent. Using obscure legal structures, such as trust funds, helps hiding the identity of the real beneficiaries.<\/p>\n

Acquisitio<\/i><\/b>n of immovable property of great value <\/i><\/b>– through the purchase of immovable property of great value, large sums of money from\u00a0 criminal \u00a0activity \u00a0can \u00a0be \u00a0converted \u00a0into bona fide securities and invested in the legal economic\u00a0 \u00a0system.\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0 \u00a0acquisition\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0 \u00a0such property, especially where there is no clear economic justification, should lead to further investigations authorized entities.<\/p>\n

Buy<\/i>i<\/i>n<\/i>g or selling above or below market value – <\/i>it was discovered that another technique used in money laundering through real estate investment is the sale or purchase of a property above or below its market value. It is also suspicious the repeated sale of a property with unusual profit margins when one can not provide a plausible explanation for these transactions.<\/p>\n

Usin<\/i>g intermediaries for real estate acquisitions <\/i>– in some cases, the person involved buys properties on behalf of third-parties, with which he has no connection. Thus the person who recycles money wants to hide the connections between him and transactions used for “laundering” money, using a middleman or a front man.<\/p>\n

The use of\u00a0\u00a0 suspense accounts <\/i>– another identified technique used in money laundering is the use of suspense accounts. Funds usually arrive in the accounts by deposits, transfers, checks or international transfers. They never remain in the same account for a long period of time. Analyzing these accounts has led to the conclusion that they were formed solely for the purpose of such transactions.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0 distorted\u00a0 use\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 mortgage\u00a0 – <\/i>contracting a mortgage loan repaid through bank deposits is a technique through which money illegal origins is injected into the financial system on a regular basis, with the aim of recycling it.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

c<\/b>) Laundering money resulted from corruption uses the following techniques at least:<\/b><\/p>\n

Banking Transactions <\/i>– those who recycle money originating in corruption prefer to use the banking system in their operations. They often use bank accounts for the sole purpose of engaging in used in money laundering process.<\/p>\n

Making liquidity transactions and international transfers <\/i>– the classical scheme of these operations generally consists either of cash deposits followed by transfers abroad or from transfers outside the country followed by cash withdrawals. The purpose of making cash deposits and cash withdrawals is to disguise the origin and the destination of the funds. Using international transfers allows one to add \u00a0a \u00a0transnational dimension to the operations, in order to cover the traces. It is well known that those who recycle money prefer to delimit the criminal activity from money laundering .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Using third-party or non-financial professions <\/i>– although in most cases money laundering is carried out by corrupt individuals there are plenty of situations where such activities are carried out by third-parties, such as family members or close people , especially when involving politically exposed persons.<\/p>\n

Th<\/i>e private banking <\/i>– private banking system has been used for money laundering operations related to corruption. Most reported cases have shown the use of banking services abroad.<\/p>\n

Th<\/i>e use of suspense accounts, shell companies and offshore companies <\/i>– in many cases complex techniques of money laundering are used in order to increase the difficulty in detecting these operations. Thus, some people open accounts abroad in the name of ghost companies, which use them as transfer accounts to move funds from and \/ or to foreign countries, especially offshore centers.<\/p>\n

Investments\u00a0 in \u00a0real \u00a0property, \u00a0real \u00a0estate and insurance business – these allow large masses of illegal money to be wagered legally in the financial circuit.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

d) Money laundering originating from fraud\u00a0 <\/b>–\u00a0 <\/i>people\u00a0 who\u00a0 recycle\u00a0 money\u00a0 arising from fraud using the following techniques:<\/p>\n

Usin<\/i>g the banking system, respectively through the accounts they have opened in more than one bank units <\/i>– opening a large number of accounts at the same bank branches and disposal of repeated transfers of large sums of money between accounts, frequent deposits of cash on behalf of clients by third parties, without apparent connection with the recipient account are some of the techniques used.<\/p>\n

Investing money from fraud <\/i>involves the purchase of land or buildings which are then resold for profit.<\/p>\n

Simulation of trade and international economic and financial operations <\/i>– this involves using commercial relations that any country has, while conducting false financial operations\u00a0 . Thus,\u00a0 the\u00a0 operators\u00a0 involved\u00a0 in money laundering, in agreement with some “trading partners” conduct extensive import- export \u00a0activities \u00a0that \u00a0either \u00a0do \u00a0not \u00a0occur \u00a0in reality or are held in values and quantities different from those contained in the financial documentation submitted to the custom authorities. \u00a0In\u00a0 this\u00a0 context, \u00a0certain\u00a0 company will proceed to a purchase from the country in which it is established, e.g. a machine , in exchange for a certain sum (which comes from illegal activities). Subsequently, this good is subject to a succession of sales of several companies that actually were created specifically for this purpose. Successive sales finally lead to a dramatic and artificial increase of the value of the machine, which is finally exported and financial authorities of that particular state shall be obliged to reimburse the VAT, which is often 2-3 times higher than the real value of the exported machine. Moreover, the overseas company unit which is acquiring the machine is property of the same criminal network so the initial capital used to purchase equipment can Sbe recycled back home and can be introduced without problems in the legal economic circuit.<\/p>\n

Legally addressing the phenomenon it becomes evident that on the one hand the state is subject to VAT liability of certain economic and financial offenses (forgery of official documents, forgery, fraud and so on), and on the other hand recycling and reintroducing the initial capital in the economic circuit leads to the offense of money laundering.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

e<\/b>) Money laundering originating from drug trafficking <\/b>– in the drug business drug dealers \u00a0earn \u00a0relatively\u00a0 small \u00a0amounts \u00a0money but in many locations. The money thus obtained are\u00a0 invested in\u00a0 activities \u00a0such\u00a0 as\u00a0 restaurants, very suitable for money laundering. The advantage is that the flow of circulating money is very large. Criminals can also periodically declare additional revenue in addition to legally obtained revenues. The disadvantage is that illicit money are taxed along with legally obtained capital. Mixing legal money with illegal money has the advantage that it provides almost immediate explanation for the origin of large sums of money – profits arising from lawful activity. The method used is chosen depending on the criminal activity and institutional status of the country in which illegal money are obtained. \u00a0Also, \u00a0money \u00a0deposits \u00a0(so \u00a0called\u00a0smurfing method) and illegal gambling are often used. Obviously these methods clearly show that there are many ways to recycle money. As mentioned, it would be much easier to reduce criminal activity than to fight against these methods. Fight against terrorist financing concerns worldwide organizations including the International\u00a0\u00a0 Financial\u00a0\u00a0 Action\u00a0\u00a0 Task\u00a0\u00a0 Force (FATF \/ FATF) which decided to extend the mandate at a special session in Washington in October 2001. Thus, the FATF adopted a set of nine Special Recommendations to stop terrorist organizations in obtaining and transferring funds for their criminal activities. Such recommendations are the new international standards for combating terrorism. These countries prohibit the use of alternative money transfer and other informal or underground banking systems. In addition FATF called on its members to strengthen customer identification measures\u00a0 \u00a0for\u00a0 \u00a0wire\u00a0 \u00a0transfers\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0 prevent charitable donations to be used for terrorist financing activities. In this respect the FATF has invited countries to ratify the UN Convention the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and implement relevant Security Council resolutions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In Romania, the issue of terrorism is addressed from the prevention perspective , which\u00a0 involves \u00a0focusing\u00a0 on\u00a0 preventing terrorist activities, human resources supply, logistics and finance. Consequently, the institutions\u00a0 involved\u00a0 in\u00a0 the \u00a0National \u00a0System for\u00a0 the\u00a0 Prevention\u00a0 and\u00a0 Combating\u00a0 of Terrorism (NSPCT) actively participate according to areas of competence to halt the activities of terrorist groups funding , working with the National Office for Prevention and Control of Money Laundering in the identification of suspected terrorist financing operations. \u00a0National \u00a0Strategy \u00a0for\u00a0 preventing and combating terrorism (since 2002) and Law no. 535\/2004 on preventing and combating terrorism set the following major objectives and supporting actions in preventing and combating the financing of terrorism: protecting national territory associated with terrorist activities, protection of Romanian citizens and foreign objectives of activities subsumed \/ Associated terrorism regardless of origins and forms of manifestation, \u00a0preventing \u00a0the \u00a0involvement \u00a0of Romanian citizens and foreign residents in Romania in activities subsumed \/ associated with international terrorism, regardless of the area of development, the objectives or their targets, participation in international efforts to prevent and combat terrorism in different geographical areas.<\/p>\n

At the same time, nationally, the crime of “terrorism financing” <\/i>is incriminated in the Article 36. 1 of Law no. 535\/2004 on preventing and combating terrorism, article referred by Special Law no. 656\/2002 on preventing and sanctioning money laundering as well as on establishing measures to prevent and combat terrorist financing, as amended and supplemented, at art. 2 letter. a1: “Providing a terrorist entity movable or immovable goods, knowing that they are used for supporting or committing terrorist acts, and acquiring or collecting funds, directly or indirectly, or performing any financial operations bank to finance terrorist acts, shall be punished with imprisonment from 15 to 20 years and interdiction of certain rights.”<\/i><\/p>\n

Activity\u00a0 of\u00a0 money\u00a0 laundering\u00a0 is inseparably linked to organized crime, because organized crime activities generate large amounts of money, which, in order to be used should\u00a0 be\u00a0 washed\u00a0 to\u00a0 conceal\u00a0 their\u00a0 illegal origin. Large amounts of money from illicit affairs are used for internal expenses of the criminal network, which consist of payments paid to suppliers, associates and for bribing officials – distribution of the money does not leave too many traces, as the money enter the circuit legal directly as current expenses.<\/p>\n

Phenomenon\u00a0\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 money\u00a0\u00a0 laundering\u00a0\u00a0 has made geographical boundaries to become practically insignificant because members of criminal organizations prefer to send their illegal income to countries where measures to control this crime are little or no effective. Under \u00a0these \u00a0circumstances, \u00a0illicit \u00a0income \u00a0is sent \u00a0to \u00a0Central \u00a0and \u00a0Eastern \u00a0Europe \u00a0or \u00a0to countries with poor law in Asia and Africa and is deposited in the financial centers and banks in\u00a0 territories\u00a0 known\u00a0 as\u00a0 “tax\u00a0 havens”\u00a0 where anti-money laundering regulations are ineffective. \u00a0The \u00a0relationship\u00a0 between terrorism, organized crime and crime can be described according to Figure 1, as follows:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"Relatiile<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Sources of terrorist financing are used through formal and informal systems , come in a variety of origins, from crimes or not. The most important are: human – individual and common (corporate) voluntary contribution; Diaspora (migrant communities with voluntary contributions) ; ethnic and religious support (donations and contributions from people with religious and ethnic affinity) ; state partnership (the state supports the terrorist group ) ; public and private donors and individual donors supporting terrorism, social and religious organizations; high-level organized crime (fraud, drug production and trafficking, kidnapping, armed robbery, person trafficking); investment and legal affairs (money are used for the acquisition of companies and their involvement in profitable business to fund terrorism) ; NGOs and community organizations (terrorist organizations create phantom organizations that receive funds from twin NGOs from other countries or infiltrate into community organizations that receive funding).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. CONCLUSION<\/b><\/p>\n

To improve the methods of preventing money laundering the governmental authority must be very receptive to the use of the most appropriate\u00a0 financial\u00a0 mechanisms\u00a0 and taxation, leading to discouraging crime and to encouraging the timely reporting of unusual transfers \/ illegal money. An effective mechanism for capital and financial markets is necessary in order to implement a complex and continuous supervision the ongoing money laundering used for financing international terrorism. Extending control of corruption in the\u00a0 public\u00a0 sector \u00a0and\u00a0 financial \u00a0and\u00a0 audit control of economic activities in order to prevent tax evasion and eliminate or reduce economic underground activity. Creating a force “of intervention” for the tax sector in order to combat money laundering (a kind of tax Interpol).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0 Frunzeti Teodor, Zodian Vladimir. (2011).<\/p>\n

Lumea 2011. Enciclopedie politic\u0103 \u015fi militar\u0103<\/i>. Bucharest: CTEA.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0 Fulga, Vasile. (2009). Rom\u00e2nia raportat\u0103 la\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fenomenul teroris interna\u0163ional<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Bucharest: CTEA.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0 Johnston, Michael. (2007). Coruption and its types. 300.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0 ***. (1998). The Summary Report of the PC-R-EV- Typologies Exercise <\/i>(PC-R- EV).<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0 Popa,\u00a0 \u00a0\u015etefan,\u00a0 \u00a0Cucu,\u00a0 \u00a0Adrian.\u00a0 \u00a0(2000).<\/p>\n

Economi<\/i>a subteran\u0103 \u015fi sp\u0103larea banilor.<\/i><\/p>\n

Bucharest: Expert Publishing House.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0 Suceav\u0103, \u00a0Ion, \u00a0Coman, \u00a0Florian. \u00a0(1997).<\/p>\n

Cri<\/i>m<\/i>i<\/i>n<\/i>alit<\/i>a<\/i>t<\/i>e<\/i>a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015fi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0organiza\u0163iile interna\u00a0\u00a0 ionale.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/i>Bucharest:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Romcart Exim.<\/p>\n

7. Voicu, Costic\u0103. (2006). C<\/i>riminalitatea organizat\u0103 \u00een domeniul afacerilor. <\/i>Bucharest: Pildner.<\/p>\n

8. ***. (2004). FATF Report on Money Laundering\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Typologies2003-2004. Polilicall Exposed\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Persons\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Section.

[online]. FATF. <\/i>URL: http:\/\/www.fatf- gafi.org\/dataoecd \/19\/11\/ 3362 4379.PDF<\/a>. [consulted on September, 2012].<\/i><\/p>\n

1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It is a Sub-Committee on Crime Problems (CPDP) body of the European Council. The Committee of Experts \u00a0presented \u00a0for \u00a0the\u00a0 first \u00a0time, \u00a0typologies\u00a0 of money laundering in 1998. Today checking the implementation of this measures by States to prevent and combat money laundering fall within the functions of MONEY VAL.
\nArticolul a fost publicat in Revista \u00a0Academiei Fortelor Aeriene ,,The Scientific Informative Review, Vol X, No 2(21)\/2012″<\/span><\/a><\/span>

<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abstract: In order to study the way in which in the contemporary world profits are ‘washed’ as a result of illegal \u00a0activities \u00a0and \u00a0the \u00a0routes \u00a0that \u00a0money \u00a0go \u00a0through, \u00a0involves\u00a0 \u00a0complex \u00a0investigations\u00a0 and \u00a0a considerable amount of work. Countries that have regulated as a independent criminal offense, the offense of money laundering, have also included in its scope those actions taken to achieve hiding the illicit origin of values from committing this offense. The mixing of legal and illegal profits and the reporting of the total earnings from the business as the legal means for money laundering. Through this practice, all cycle stages of money laundering are combined .Financial funds […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2236,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,88],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issues","category-terrorism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2240"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4566,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions\/4566"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2236"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2240"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2240"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2240"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}