\n
Jaswant Singh is the only person to have served as India\u2019s finance minister (1996, 2002-2004), foreign minister (1998-2004), and defense minister (2000-2001). While in office, he launched the first free-trade agreement (with Sri Lanka) in South Asia\u2019s history, initiated India\u2019s most daring diplomatic opening to Pakistan, revitalized relations with the US, and reoriented the Indian military, abandoning its Soviet-inspired doctrines and weaponry for close ties with the West.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Agonia Siriei a generat o varietate de r\u0103spunsuri neproductive: condamn\u0103ri verbale ale exceselor regimului lui Bashar al-Assad, ne\u00een\u0163elegeri vizavi de oportunitatea unei interven\u0163ii armate \u015fi o confuzie general\u0103 privind posibilitatea de a g\u0103si o solu\u0163ie viabil\u0103 pe termen lung. Mai r\u0103u, \u00een aceast\u0103 situa\u0163ie jalnic\u0103, lumea ar putea \u00eentrez\u0103ri un viitor extrem de ur\u00e2t.<\/p>\n
Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, l\u0103sa\u0163i-ne s\u0103 desc\u00e2lcim o parte din aceste jocuri cu a\u0163a, pline de ironii \u015fi contradic\u0163ii, care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eempiedice \u00eencetarea violen\u0163elor din Siria. \u00cen timp ce Siria le refuz\u0103 cet\u0103\u0163enilor s\u0103i libertatea politic\u0103, tolereaz\u0103 semnificativ mai multe libert\u0103\u0163i sociale dec\u00e2t cele mai multe \u0163\u0103ri arabe – mai cu seam\u0103 dec\u00e2t Arabia Saudit\u0103, care se afl\u0103 \u00een fruntea celor care cer \u00eendep\u0103rtarea lui Assad.<\/p>\n
Guvernat\u0103 de alawi\u0163i (o sect\u0103 \u015fiit\u0103), Siria arboreaz\u0103 un caleidoscop de grupuri diverse: arabi, armeni, cre\u015ftini, kurzi, druzi, ismaeli\u0163i \u015fi beduini.<\/p>\n
Dac\u0103 revolta inspirat\u0103 de sunni\u0163i cuprinde \u0163ara, toleran\u0163a fa\u0163\u0103 de diversitatea cultural\u0103 \u015fi religioas\u0103 ar putea fi amenin\u0163at\u0103. \u015ei, de aceea, Siria genereaz\u0103, simultan, repulsie fa\u0163\u0103 de atrocit\u0103\u0163ile regimului \u015fi team\u0103 pentru ceea ce ar putea urma dac\u0103 regimul este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n
\u00centr-o \u0163ar\u0103 at\u00e2t de veche precum Siria, nu se pot examina problemele prezentului f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se reflecteze \u015fi asupra trecutului. Istoria, p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, este \u00eentotdeauna mama prezentului \u015fi geografia \u00eenainta\u015filor.<\/p>\n
\u00cen istoria lui despre lumea arab\u0103 de dup\u0103 Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial, “A Peace to End all Peace” <\/i>(O pace care a pus cap\u0103t p\u0103cii), David Fromkin sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 Orientul Mijlociu de ast\u0103zi oglinde\u015fte e\u015fecul puterilor europene \u00een \u00eencercarea lor de a consolida sistemele politice pe care le-au impus. Britania \u015fi alia\u0163ii s\u0103i “au distrus vechea ordine”, zdrobind Turcia, ca lider al \u0163\u0103rilor arabe din Orientul Mijlociu. Dar, atunci, ele “au creat \u0163\u0103ri, au numit conduc\u0103tori, au stabilit frontiere \u015fi au introdus un sistem de stat”<\/i> care nu putea func\u0163iona.<\/p>\n
Dar, prin interven\u0163iile conduse de americani \u00een Irak \u015fi Afganistan, apoi \u00een Libia, nu vorbim oare de un experiment similar, repetat la aproape un secol distan\u0163\u0103? Aceasta este \u00eentrebarea pe care cei care elaboreaz\u0103 politici ar trebui s\u0103 \u015fi-o adreseze, \u00een timp ce se g\u00e2ndesc la ce e de f\u0103cut \u00een Siria.<\/p>\n
\u00cen august 1919, ministrul de Externe al Marii Britanii, Arthur Balfour, a rezumat problemele cu care se confrunt\u0103 acum cei care elaboreaz\u0103 politici. “Nefericitul adev\u0103r este c\u0103 Fran\u0163a, Anglia \u015fi America sunt extrem de bulversate, aflate \u00eentr-o situa\u0163ie f\u0103r\u0103 ie\u015fire, pentru c\u0103 nu au la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 nici un r\u0103spuns satisf\u0103c\u0103tor.”<\/i><\/p>\n
Nu ne sun\u0103 asta familiar? \u015ei nu reprezint\u0103, oare, o versiune \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163it\u0103 a evenimentelor din Siria \u015fi Irak, ilustrate de sfatul regelui Faisal c\u0103tre arabi – “Alege\u0163i dac\u0103 vre\u0163i s\u0103 fi\u0163i sclavii sau st\u0103p\u00e2nii propriului vostru destin”<\/i> – \u015fi ale c\u0103rui ecouri se reg\u0103sesc \u00een declara\u0163iile noilor lideri din Egipt \u015fi de pretutindeni?<\/p>\n
\u015ei haide\u0163i s\u0103 examin\u0103m ac\u0163iunile Vestului din 1919 \u015fi din anii care au urmat. Francezii, a\u015fa cum ne reaminte\u015fte Fromkin, “au mic\u015forat Siria, pentru a o putea controla”,<\/i> r\u0103spl\u0103tindu-i pe “alia\u0163ii lor cre\u015ftini prin umflarea grani\u0163elor Muntelui Liban cu valea Bekaa, porturile mediteraneene cu Tir, Sidon, Beirut, Tripoli \u015fi \u0163inutul de la nord de Palestina. Mii de musulmani s-au trezit dintr-o dat\u0103 c\u0103 apar\u0163ineau unui stat dominat de cre\u015ftini”.<\/i><\/p>\n
Deci, a\u015fa cum istoricul Margaret Macmillan de la Oxford arat\u0103 \u00een cartea ei “The Peacemakers” (Pacificatorii), liderii sirieni, reamintindu-\u015fi de acele evenimente de care occidentalii nu mai \u0163in minte, “au profitat de oportunitatea” oferit\u0103 de criza Septembrie Negru din 1970, ca s\u0103 trimit\u0103 trupe \u015fi s\u0103-\u015fi recupereze teritoriul pierdut.<\/p>\n
Aceast\u0103 combina\u0163ie de temeri \u015fi rivalit\u0103\u0163i etnice \u015fi religioase, de amintiri istorice \u015fi dorin\u0163\u0103 oarb\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul puterilor str\u0103ine pare aproape predestinat\u0103 s\u0103 destabilizeze \u00eentregul Orient Mijlociu.<\/p>\n
Turcia<\/b> este plin\u0103 de insurgen\u0163i \u015fi agita\u0163ie, Irakul <\/b>a fost invadat \u015fi abandonat, Iranul<\/b> este izolat \u015fi amenin\u0163at, Israelul <\/b>este beligerant \u015fi tensionat, iar Afganistanul<\/b> \u015fi Pakistanul<\/b> sunt dezechilibrate pe plan intern \u015fi fragile din punct de vedere politic.<\/p>\n
Marele arc care se \u00eentinde de la Cairo la Kush amenin\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 un loc al dezordinii globale. A\u015fa c\u0103 nu ne mir\u0103 c\u0103 mesagerul iranian Saeed Jalili, dup\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea\u00a0 recent\u0103 cu Assad, din Damasc, a anun\u0163at c\u0103 “Iranul nu va permite niciodat\u0103 ca o ax\u0103 de rezisten\u0163\u0103, \u00een care Siria s\u0103 fie unul dintre pilonii principali, s\u0103 fie distrus\u0103 \u00een orice fel”.<\/i><\/p>\n
Pentru Turcia, cererea Siriei este un co\u015fmar strategic, pentru c\u0103 orice desp\u0103r\u0163ire de Siria implic\u0103 posibilitatea ca \u0163inutul Kurdistan s\u0103 devin\u0103 mai puternic \u015fi s\u0103 se ridice preten\u0163ii asupra unei p\u0103r\u0163i mai mari din teritoriul turcesc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
de\u00a0JASWANT SINGH www.project-syndicate.org\/contributor\/jaswant–singh, RL, 11 Septembrie 2012 Jaswant Singh is the only person to have served as India\u2019s finance minister (1996, 2002-2004), foreign minister (1998-2004), and defense minister (2000-2001). While in office, he launched the first free-trade agreement (with Sri Lanka) in South Asia\u2019s history, initiated India\u2019s most daring diplomatic opening to Pakistan, revitalized relations with the US, and reoriented the Indian military, abandoning its Soviet-inspired doctrines and weaponry for close ties with the West. Agonia Siriei a generat o varietate de r\u0103spunsuri neproductive: condamn\u0103ri verbale ale exceselor regimului lui Bashar al-Assad, ne\u00een\u0163elegeri vizavi de oportunitatea unei interven\u0163ii armate \u015fi o confuzie general\u0103 privind posibilitatea de a g\u0103si o solu\u0163ie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-orientul-mijlociu","category-regiuni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/540"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=540"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4719,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/540\/revisions\/4719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cass-ro.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}